If you've heard that beet juice can help before a workout, you've probably encountered the same explanation over and over: beets give you more energy.
That's not really what's happening.
Beet juice doesn't work like caffeine, carbohydrates, or a conventional stimulant. Its most studied pre-workout effect comes from dietary nitrate, a naturally occurring compound concentrated in beets and several other vegetables.
The interesting part is what your body does with that nitrate.
Dietary nitrate can enter a pathway that converts nitrate (NO3−) → nitrite (NO2−) → nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that helps regulate blood vessel tone. During exercise, that pathway may support vasodilation, blood flow, muscle oxygen use, and exercise efficiency.
So if you're searching for the beet juice pre workout mechanism, the better question isn't, “How does beet juice give me energy?”
It's:
How does dietary nitrate affect nitric oxide production, and what does that change during exercise?
That's where the science gets much more interesting.
What Is the Beet Juice Pre Workout Mechanism?
The beet juice pre workout mechanism primarily involves the body's conversion of dietary nitrate into nitrite and, ultimately, nitric oxide.
In simplified terms:
Beet juice → dietary nitrate → nitrite → nitric oxide → blood vessel signaling and altered muscle oxygen physiology
Nitric oxide can promote relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, which can cause blood vessels to widen. This process is called vasodilation.
Wider blood vessels can affect circulation and how efficiently the cardiovascular system delivers blood to working tissues.
But there's an important distinction: beet juice isn't simply “putting more oxygen into your muscles.”
The research around dietary nitrate is more nuanced. In some circumstances, nitrate supplementation appears to influence how efficiently muscles use oxygen to produce energy, potentially reducing the oxygen cost of exercise at a given workload.
That distinction matters.
The effect is less like flipping an “energy” switch and more like changing certain aspects of the body's cardiovascular and muscular efficiency.
The Nitrate-to-Nitric-Oxide Pathway Explained
To understand why beet juice is used as a pre-workout, you need to follow the nitrate pathway.
Step 1: You Consume Dietary Nitrate
Beets are naturally rich in nitrate.
When you drink beet juice, nitrate enters your digestive system and is absorbed into the body.
Unlike nitrate from a supplement designed specifically for athletic performance, beet juice is a whole-food-derived source of dietary nitrate. The amount can vary substantially depending on the beet variety, growing conditions, processing method, and serving size.
Once absorbed, nitrate circulates through the bloodstream.
But nitrate itself isn't the main signaling molecule responsible for the vascular effects researchers are interested in.
The next step is more important.
Step 2: Nitrate Is Concentrated in Saliva
A portion of circulating nitrate is taken up by the salivary glands and released into the mouth through saliva.
This creates an unusual part of the pathway: your mouth plays an important role in dietary nitrate metabolism.
Certain bacteria naturally found on the tongue can reduce nitrate to nitrite.
That means the oral microbiome isn't just an unrelated part of digestion. It participates in the nitrate-to-nitrite conversion.
The process can be represented as:
Nitrate → oral bacteria → nitrite
This is one reason the nitrate pathway isn't simply a matter of drinking beet juice and immediately producing nitric oxide.
There are several biological steps between consumption and the eventual signaling effects.
Step 3: Nitrite Enters Circulation
After nitrate is converted to nitrite in the mouth, nitrite can be swallowed and absorbed.
Nitrite then enters the circulation.
Under normal oxygen-rich conditions, nitric oxide production is strongly associated with nitric oxide synthase enzymes. But nitrite provides another route for nitric oxide formation, particularly under conditions where oxygen availability and local tissue conditions change.
This is sometimes described as the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway.
Step 4: Nitrite Can Be Converted to Nitric Oxide
Nitrite can be reduced to nitric oxide through several biochemical reactions.
The conversion becomes particularly relevant in environments where oxygen levels, acidity, and other physiological conditions favor nitrite reduction.
During exercise, working muscles have increased metabolic demands. Blood flow changes, oxygen consumption rises, and local chemical conditions shift.
This creates a physiological environment in which the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway may contribute to nitric oxide availability.
Step 5: Nitric Oxide Influences Blood Vessel Tone
Nitric oxide is a potent signaling molecule.
One of its best-known effects is its role in vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
The basic sequence is:
Nitric oxide → vascular signaling → smooth muscle relaxation → vasodilation
Vasodilation allows blood vessels to widen.
That can influence blood flow and vascular resistance, helping regulate how blood is distributed throughout the body.
This is the part of the beet juice nitrate pathway that most closely connects dietary nitrate with cardiovascular physiology.
But blood vessel dilation isn't the whole story.
How Nitric Oxide May Affect Exercise Performance
The phrase “nitric oxide improves performance” is too broad to be particularly useful.
Exercise performance involves multiple systems: cardiovascular function, muscle metabolism, oxygen delivery, neuromuscular function, energy availability, fatigue, and more.
Dietary nitrate appears to interact with several of these factors, but the most important research questions have centered on oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization.
Blood Flow and Vasodilation
During exercise, working muscles need more blood.
The cardiovascular system responds by increasing cardiac output and redirecting blood flow toward active tissues.
Nitric oxide participates in the regulation of vascular tone.
If dietary nitrate increases nitric oxide availability through the nitrate-nitrite pathway, it may contribute to changes in vascular function and blood flow.
However, more blood flow doesn't automatically mean better athletic performance.
The body already has sophisticated mechanisms for matching blood flow to exercise demands.
The more interesting question is what happens to oxygen use inside the muscle.
Beet Juice and Oxygen Efficiency
One of the most frequently discussed findings in dietary nitrate research is a possible reduction in the oxygen cost of exercise.
Imagine two people—or the same person on two different days—performing the same cycling workload.
If the body can perform that workload while consuming slightly less oxygen, that suggests improved efficiency.
This is sometimes described as greater exercise efficiency or a reduced oxygen cost.
In simplified terms:
Same workload + less oxygen required = potentially greater physiological efficiency
This doesn't mean your muscles suddenly have unlimited oxygen.
Instead, nitrate-related changes may affect aspects of mitochondrial respiration and muscle contractile efficiency, allowing the body to perform certain types of exercise with a different oxygen requirement.
That's a much more accurate explanation than saying beet juice “gives you energy.”
Does Beet Juice Actually Give You More Energy?
Not in the way most people mean when they say “energy.”
Beet juice contains carbohydrates and calories, so it can contribute some usable dietary energy. But the pre-workout nitrate effect is not primarily a stimulant effect.
It doesn't work like caffeine.
Caffeine primarily affects the central nervous system and can alter alertness, perceived effort, and other aspects of exercise performance.
Dietary nitrate operates through a different biological pathway.
Its potential benefits are more closely associated with:
- nitric oxide signaling
- vascular function
- vasodilation
- blood flow regulation
- muscle oxygen efficiency
- exercise economy
- tolerance of certain exercise workloads
So when someone says beet juice gives them a “boost,” that experience shouldn't automatically be interpreted as a direct increase in cellular energy production.
The mechanism is more specific.
Why Oxygen Efficiency Matters During Exercise
Your muscles need ATP to perform work.
One major way the body produces ATP during sustained exercise is through oxidative metabolism, which depends on oxygen.
If a given workload requires less oxygen, that can theoretically leave more physiological capacity available for increasing intensity or sustaining an effort.
Consider a runner maintaining a steady pace.
The goal isn't necessarily to push oxygen delivery to its absolute maximum. If the runner can maintain the same pace with a slightly lower oxygen cost, the effort may become more economical.
That concept is known as exercise economy.
In endurance sports, small changes in economy can matter because athletes spend a long time repeating the same movement.
This is one reason researchers have been interested in the relationship between dietary nitrate, nitric oxide, and endurance exercise.
Beet Juice and Mitochondrial Efficiency
The nitrate story may extend beyond blood vessels.
Skeletal muscle contains mitochondria, which are responsible for much of the aerobic ATP production that supports endurance activity.
Research on dietary nitrate has explored whether nitrate-derived nitric oxide signaling and related nitrogen species can affect mitochondrial function.
The proposed idea is that nitrate may influence aspects of mitochondrial respiration, potentially allowing muscles to generate energy more efficiently under certain conditions.
This is an important distinction.
The question isn't simply:
“Does beet juice increase oxygen?”
A more scientifically useful question is:
“Can nitrate-derived signaling change how efficiently muscles use oxygen during exercise?”
That is much closer to the mechanism researchers are investigating.
The Beet Juice Nitrate Pathway Isn't Instant
One common misconception is that drinking beet juice immediately before walking into the gym will automatically produce a noticeable nitric oxide effect.
The biology doesn't work quite that quickly.
The nitrate-to-nitrite-to-nitric oxide pathway involves absorption, circulation, salivary nitrate handling, oral bacterial conversion, and subsequent nitrite metabolism.
Research commonly evaluates beetroot juice or dietary nitrate supplementation hours before exercise, rather than treating it like a beverage that works within minutes.
That doesn't mean timing is identical for everyone.
The nitrate content of the product matters, individual metabolism matters, and the type of exercise matters.
Still, the practical takeaway is straightforward:
If you're using beet juice specifically for its nitrate content, think in terms of pre-exercise timing measured in hours, not minutes.
How Long Before a Workout Should You Drink Beet Juice?
A commonly studied approach is consuming a nitrate-rich beetroot product roughly 2–3 hours before exercise.
That window gives the body time to absorb nitrate and engage the nitrate-nitrite pathway.
For example, if you plan to begin a workout at 6:00 p.m., a nitrate-focused beet juice strategy might be taken around 3:00–4:00 p.m., depending on the specific product and your tolerance.
This isn't a universal prescription.
Different studies use different formulations, doses, and protocols. Commercial beet juices can also contain very different amounts of nitrate.
If you're comparing products for exercise purposes, looking at the actual nitrate content is more informative than simply looking for the words “beet” or “beetroot” on the label.
How Much Beet Juice Do You Need Before Exercise?
There isn't one universal serving size that guarantees a performance effect.
Research protocols frequently use a defined amount of dietary nitrate rather than relying solely on a particular volume of beet juice.
That's important because two bottles containing the same amount of beet juice may not necessarily provide the same nitrate dose.
For practical purposes, check whether a product provides information about its nitrate content.
If you're trying beet juice for the first time, don't introduce a large serving immediately before an important race or demanding workout.
Your digestive system may have a different opinion about your pre-workout strategy.
Start on an ordinary training day and see how you tolerate it.
Does the Mouth Microbiome Affect Beet Juice Benefits?
Yes, potentially.
The oral conversion of nitrate to nitrite is a key part of the nitrate pathway.
Because oral bacteria participate in this step, anything that substantially interferes with those bacteria may theoretically affect nitrate metabolism.
This is one reason researchers have paid attention to antibacterial mouthwash in dietary nitrate studies.
The practical implication is not that you need to micromanage your mouth microbiome.
Rather, it highlights how surprisingly complex the beet juice nitrate pathway is.
You drink nitrate-rich beet juice.
Your body circulates nitrate.
Your salivary glands concentrate it.
Oral bacteria convert some nitrate to nitrite.
Nitrite is swallowed and absorbed.
Nitrite can then contribute to nitric oxide formation.
That is a very different process from the vague claim that “beets increase energy.”
Dietary Nitrate Vasodilation: What It Does and Doesn't Mean
The phrase dietary nitrate vasodilation can sound as though nitrate simply forces your blood vessels open.
Physiology is more complicated.
Nitric oxide is one of several molecules involved in regulating vascular tone. Its effects occur within a larger network of cardiovascular signals.
Nitric oxide can activate signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle that promote relaxation.
The result can be vasodilation.
But the size and significance of that effect depend on factors such as baseline vascular function, exercise intensity, training status, diet, health status, and the amount and form of nitrate consumed.
So it's better to think of dietary nitrate as supporting a biological pathway involved in vascular regulation, rather than treating beet juice as a guaranteed vasodilator that produces dramatic changes in circulation.
What Types of Exercise Respond Best?
Dietary nitrate research has produced particularly interesting findings in endurance-oriented exercise, including activities such as:
- cycling
- running
- rowing
- swimming
- repeated high-intensity exercise
- prolonged aerobic exercise
However, results aren't identical across every sport or athlete.
The effects can be influenced by exercise intensity, duration, training status, muscle fiber characteristics, and other variables.
Endurance Exercise
Endurance athletes are a logical population for nitrate research because exercise economy and oxygen efficiency can have meaningful consequences over time.
A small improvement in the physiological cost of maintaining a workload could become more relevant as exercise duration increases.
High-Intensity Exercise
Research has also examined nitrate supplementation in shorter, harder efforts.
The results are less straightforward than the popular “beet juice equals better performance” message suggests.
Some protocols show benefits, while others show little or no meaningful difference.
That inconsistency is important.
A physiological mechanism can be real without producing the same measurable performance improvement in every person.
Why Beet Juice Doesn't Work the Same for Everyone
If you've tried beet juice before a workout and felt nothing, that doesn't necessarily mean the nitrate pathway is irrelevant.
Several factors can influence the outcome.
Training Status
Highly trained endurance athletes may respond differently from recreationally active people.
Some research suggests that trained athletes can have smaller performance responses under certain conditions, although this isn't universal.
Exercise Type
A nitrate intervention that makes sense for a long cycling session may not produce the same effect for a short strength workout.
Exercise physiology matters.
Diet
Overall dietary nitrate intake can influence how much nitrate someone is already consuming.
A person who regularly eats large quantities of nitrate-rich vegetables may have a different baseline exposure than someone whose diet contains very little nitrate.
Individual Biology
People differ in nitrate metabolism, oral microbiota, vascular function, and exercise physiology.
There is no reason to expect an identical response from every person.
Product Composition
“Beet juice” isn't a standardized pharmaceutical dose.
Nitrate concentration can vary considerably among products.
This makes product comparisons difficult unless nitrate content is clearly specified.
Beet Juice Before a Workout vs. Caffeine
These two pre-workout strategies are often lumped together, but their mechanisms are very different.
| Beet Juice | Caffeine |
|---|---|
| Primarily provides dietary nitrate | Acts primarily through the nervous system |
| Involves nitrate → nitrite → nitric oxide pathways | Primarily blocks adenosine receptors |
| Associated with vascular and metabolic effects | Can increase alertness and alter perceived effort |
| May affect oxygen efficiency | Can affect perceived exertion and exercise performance |
| Usually requires advance timing | Timing is generally based on absorption and individual response |
This doesn't mean you have to choose one or the other.
It simply means they should not be described as interchangeable sources of “energy.”
One is primarily a nitrate/nitric oxide strategy.
The other is a stimulant strategy.
Beet Juice vs. a Traditional Pre-Workout
Traditional pre-workout products may contain combinations of caffeine, amino acids, creatine, carbohydrates, beta-alanine, and other ingredients.
Beet juice is fundamentally different when used specifically for nitrate.
Its defining feature is not stimulation.
It's the dietary nitrate pathway.
If your goal is to understand the beet juice pre workout mechanism, focus on the chain:
Dietary nitrate → nitrite → nitric oxide → vascular signaling and possible improvements in exercise efficiency
That gives you a much clearer picture of what you're actually consuming.
What About the “Pump” Feeling?
Some people associate beet juice with a stronger muscle pump.
There is a plausible physiological reason for that idea because nitric oxide is involved in vascular signaling and blood vessel regulation.
But the subjective sensation of a muscle pump should not be treated as proof that a product improved endurance, oxygen efficiency, or athletic performance.
A noticeable pump and measurable performance improvement are different outcomes.
If you're interested in nitrate for exercise, the more meaningful questions are whether it changes performance, oxygen cost, exercise economy, blood flow, or fatigue under the specific conditions you're testing.
Does Beet Juice Increase Oxygen Delivery?
Potentially, but that statement needs qualification.
Nitric oxide influences blood vessel tone, so nitrate-derived nitric oxide signaling can affect vascular function and blood flow.
However, the most interesting exercise research isn't simply about increasing the amount of oxygen delivered to muscles.
Some evidence points toward changes in oxygen utilization and exercise efficiency as well.
Think of the cardiovascular system as a delivery network.
Getting more blood to a working muscle can matter.
But making the muscle more efficient at using that oxygen can matter, too.
The beet juice research mechanism may involve both vascular and muscular effects rather than a simple increase in oxygen delivery.
Does Beet Juice Improve Athletic Performance?
It can improve certain measures of exercise performance in some circumstances, but it is not a guaranteed performance enhancer for everyone.
Research on dietary nitrate has found promising effects in areas such as exercise economy, time-to-exhaustion, and performance during certain endurance and high-intensity protocols.
But results vary.
That variation is why claims such as “beet juice always makes you faster” or “beets dramatically increase endurance” go beyond what the evidence supports.
The more defensible claim is that nitrate-rich beetroot products may influence physiological processes relevant to exercise performance, particularly nitric oxide signaling, vascular function, and oxygen efficiency.
A Practical Beet Juice Pre-Workout Example
Suppose you're training for a half marathon.
You have an easy run on Tuesday and a longer tempo workout on Saturday.
Rather than testing beet juice for the first time on race day, you could experiment with it during the Tuesday or Saturday training session.
A sensible approach might look like this:
1. Choose a product with clearly stated nitrate content.
Don't assume that every beet juice contains an equivalent amount of nitrate.
2. Test your tolerance.
Some people experience digestive discomfort from concentrated beetroot products.
3. Use consistent timing.
If you're testing the effect before exercise, keep the timing reasonably consistent between sessions.
4. Track the workout.
Record pace, heart rate, perceived exertion, and workout duration when appropriate.
5. Compare similar sessions.
One beet juice workout versus one workout without it doesn't tell you much.
Repeated observations are more useful.
6. Don't change five other variables simultaneously.
If you add caffeine, dramatically change your carbohydrate intake, sleep differently, and introduce a new supplement at the same time, it becomes difficult to know what caused any change.
This approach turns beet juice from a trendy pre-workout idea into something you can evaluate more intelligently.
Why Your Urine May Turn Pink or Red
One practical side effect surprises many first-time beet juice users: beeturia.
After consuming beets, some people notice pink, red, or reddish urine.
This can be completely benign and is related to beet pigments being excreted.
The same pigments can also temporarily change stool color.
That said, don't automatically assume that every instance of red urine is from beets. If you're concerned about unexplained blood or persistent discoloration, seek appropriate medical advice rather than self-diagnosing it as beet-related.
Is Beet Juice Better Than Eating Whole Beets?
Not necessarily.
Whole beets provide nitrate along with fiber and other nutrients.
Juicing or using concentrated beetroot products can make it easier to consume a substantial amount of nitrate without eating a large volume of vegetables.
For exercise research, concentrated products can also make nitrate intake more consistent.
But “better” depends on the goal.
If you're simply trying to increase your vegetable intake, whole beets can be an excellent food.
If you're specifically experimenting with dietary nitrate around exercise, a standardized nitrate-rich product may be more convenient.
How to Fit Beet Juice Into a Plant-Based Lifestyle
Beets fit naturally into a plant-forward diet, but the nitrate story goes beyond one vegetable.
Leafy greens and other vegetables can also contribute dietary nitrate.
For people interested in plant-based nutrition, this is a useful reminder that vegetables aren't just sources of vitamins and fiber. They contain naturally occurring compounds that participate in complex physiological pathways.
The broader goal should still be a varied, nutrient-dense diet rather than relying on one “superfood.”
For readers who enjoy expressing their plant-based values beyond the dinner table, The Dharma Store offers Vegan T-Shirts centered around vegan living, compassion, and mindful lifestyle choices.
Common Mistakes With Beet Juice Before Exercise
Mistake 1: Treating It Like an Energy Drink
Beet juice isn't a stimulant.
If you're expecting the immediate alertness associated with caffeine, you may conclude that it “doesn't work” simply because it feels different.
Mistake 2: Drinking It Five Minutes Before Training
The nitrate pathway involves multiple steps.
Give the body time rather than treating beet juice like a last-second shot.
Mistake 3: Assuming More Is Always Better
More beet juice doesn't automatically mean more performance.
Higher intake can also increase the likelihood of gastrointestinal discomfort.
Mistake 4: Ignoring Nitrate Content
The volume of juice doesn't tell you precisely how much nitrate you're consuming.
If nitrate is the reason you're using the product, nitrate content is the more relevant number.
Mistake 5: Expecting a Dramatic Sensation
The potential benefits are physiological.
You may not feel anything unusual.
A lack of a noticeable sensation doesn't prove that nothing is happening, just as a strong pump doesn't prove that performance has improved.
Mistake 6: Testing It for the First Time on Race Day
Never make a new nutrition experiment part of your most important event.
Test your strategy during training first.
The Bigger Picture: Nitric Oxide Is a Signaling Molecule, Not “Energy”
The biggest misconception surrounding beet juice comes from collapsing a complicated biological pathway into a single marketing phrase.
“More energy” is vague.
“Dietary nitrate can enter a nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway that influences vascular signaling and may alter oxygen efficiency during exercise” is much more precise.
That's the actual story.
Beet juice supplies nitrate.
Nitrate is circulated and concentrated in saliva.
Oral bacteria convert some nitrate into nitrite.
Nitrite enters circulation.
Under appropriate physiological conditions, nitrite can contribute to nitric oxide formation.
Nitric oxide participates in vascular signaling and vasodilation.
Dietary nitrate may also influence how efficiently skeletal muscle uses oxygen.
Those effects can potentially translate into changes in exercise economy or performance under particular conditions.
It's not magic.
It's physiology.
Beet Juice Pre Workout Mechanism: The Key Takeaways
If you remember only a few points about the beet juice pre workout mechanism, make them these:
1. Nitrate is the key compound.
Beet juice is notable because beets can provide a substantial amount of dietary nitrate.
2. The pathway involves the mouth.
Oral bacteria help convert nitrate into nitrite.
3. Nitrite can contribute to nitric oxide production.
This creates the nitrate → nitrite → nitric oxide pathway.
4. Nitric oxide influences blood vessel tone.
One important effect is vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.
5. Exercise performance isn't simply about more blood flow.
Dietary nitrate research also examines oxygen utilization and exercise efficiency.
6. Beet juice isn't a stimulant.
Its mechanism differs substantially from caffeine and traditional stimulant-based pre-workouts.
7. Timing matters.
Research commonly examines nitrate intake in the hours before exercise rather than immediately before it.
8. Results vary.
Exercise type, training status, diet, product nitrate content, and individual biology can all influence the response.
FAQ: Beet Juice Pre Workout Mechanism
How does beet juice work as a pre-workout?
Beet juice works primarily through its dietary nitrate content. Nitrate can be converted to nitrite and then contribute to nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide helps regulate blood vessel tone and may influence blood flow and muscle oxygen efficiency during exercise.
How long before a workout should I drink beet juice?
Dietary nitrate is commonly consumed roughly 2–3 hours before exercise in research settings. The ideal timing depends on the product, nitrate content, individual response, and type of exercise.
Does beet juice increase nitric oxide?
Beet juice can provide dietary nitrate, which participates in the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. This can increase the body's availability of nitric oxide-related metabolites and signaling under appropriate physiological conditions.
Does beet juice improve oxygen delivery during exercise?
It may influence vascular function and blood flow, but the mechanism is more nuanced than simply delivering more oxygen to muscles. Research also suggests dietary nitrate may affect the efficiency with which muscles use oxygen during certain types of exercise.
Is beet juice better than caffeine before a workout?
They work through different mechanisms. Beet juice primarily provides dietary nitrate for the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, while caffeine primarily acts on the nervous system. Neither should simply be described as “more energy.”
Can beet juice improve endurance?
Dietary nitrate from beetroot products has been studied extensively for endurance exercise and may improve exercise economy or certain performance measures in some people and circumstances. However, the response isn't universal, and beet juice isn't a guaranteed endurance enhancer.
The Bottom Line on Beet Juice and Exercise
The most useful way to understand beet juice before a workout is to stop thinking of it as an “energy booster.”
Its interesting compound is dietary nitrate, and its key biological story is the nitrate → nitrite → nitric oxide pathway.
That pathway involves oral bacteria, circulation, nitric oxide signaling, blood vessel regulation, and potentially changes in how efficiently working muscles use oxygen.
For some forms of exercise, those effects may contribute to better exercise economy or performance.
But the benefit isn't necessarily something you'll feel as a sudden burst of energy.
It's a physiological effect that happens underneath the surface.
So the next time someone says, “Beet juice gives you more energy before a workout,” there's a better answer:
Beet juice isn't simply giving you more energy. Its nitrate content enters a biological pathway that can increase nitric oxide availability, influence vasodilation and vascular function, and potentially improve the efficiency of oxygen use during exercise.
That's the actual beet juice pre workout mechanism.
The information in this article is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional regarding dietary or health concerns.